Brittle or weak nails can have many possible causes. While they can sometimes be associated with an underlying health condition, they are most often due to everyday factors rather than a serious disease.
Possible causes include:
- Frequent exposure to water or cleaning products, which can dry out and weaken nails.
- Ageing, as nails naturally become more brittle over time.
- Nutritional deficiencies, such as low iron. Less commonly, deficiencies in zinc, vitamin B12, or other nutrients may contribute, especially if accompanied by other symptoms.
- Skin conditions, such as eczema or psoriasis, which can affect the nails.
- Fungal nail infections, which can make nails thick, brittle, discoloured, or crumbly.
- Thyroid disorders, particularly an underactive thyroid, which can cause dry, brittle nails along with fatigue, weight gain, and feeling cold.
To help strengthen your nails:
- Keep nails clean and dry.
- Wear gloves when doing prolonged wet work or using cleaning chemicals.
- Moisturise your hands and nails regularly.
- Avoid excessive use of acetone-based nail polish removers.
- Eat a balanced diet that includes adequate protein, iron, and other essential nutrients.
You should consider seeing a healthcare professional if:
- Your nails become suddenly brittle without an obvious reason.
- You notice significant changes in colour, shape, or thickness.
- Only one nail is affected and continues to worsen.
- You have other symptoms such as fatigue, weight changes, hair loss, or persistent skin changes, as these may point to an underlying condition that should be evaluated.
While brittle nails can be a clue to certain health problems, they are not specific enough on their own to diagnose a vitamin deficiency or disease. A clinician can determine whether testing or treatment is appropriate based on your overall symptoms and medical history.
