Kidney problems can develop gradually, and early symptoms may be easy to overlook. However, many signs are not specific to kidney failure and can also be caused by other health conditions. The only way to know how well your kidneys are working is through medical evaluation, including blood and urine tests.
10 possible warning signs of kidney problems
- Changes in urination
- Urinating much more or less than usual
- Waking frequently at night to urinate
- Difficulty urinating
- Foamy or bubbly urine
- Can be a sign of protein leaking into the urine.
- Blood in the urine
- Urine may appear pink, red, or tea-colored and should be checked.
- Swelling (fluid retention)
- Puffiness around the eyes or swelling in the feet, ankles, or legs.
- Persistent fatigue or weakness
- Reduced kidney function can contribute to anemia and low energy.
- Loss of appetite, nausea, or changes in taste
- Waste buildup can affect digestion and appetite in advanced kidney disease.
- Itchy or dry skin
- Can occur when kidney function is significantly reduced.
- Muscle cramps
- Changes in minerals and electrolytes may contribute to cramps.
- Trouble concentrating or feeling confused
- More common in later stages when waste products build up.
- High blood pressure or worsening blood pressure control
- Kidney disease and high blood pressure are closely linked.
When to get medical advice
Seek medical attention if you notice:
- Blood in your urine
- New swelling that does not go away
- A major change in urination
- Severe fatigue with other symptoms
- Shortness of breath or chest symptoms
People at higher risk of kidney disease include those with diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, a family history of kidney disease, or long-term use of certain medications (such as frequent NSAID pain relievers).
Regular checkups and simple tests—such as creatinine/eGFR blood tests and urine tests—can detect kidney problems before they become severe.
